Done But Need Reference

Wellbeing Policy and Law Basics Lisa Aquinas Dry. Sherry Grover Health Policy and Law 1/24/15 The point of view that have picked was the expert self-rule viewpoint. The explanation I picked this one is a result of the favorable circumstances and what I would search for from a doctor's office. One bit of leeway is the helpful hours the doctor's office has. The hours would be Monday through Thursday they are available to am to pm and Friday hours would be am to pm and Saturday hours would be Bam to 1 pm.A parcel of patients work till moieties till pm and can't make it to the specialists till at any rate 7 or pm, additionally a great deal of patients probably won't have the option to make it to the specialists till the end of the week in the event that they work late around evening time. Another bit of leeway is that patients ought to be offered and permitted to settle on intentional decisions for groundbreaking social insurance mediations that they will or won't get. A few inconvenienc es are the sort of patients they doctor will see and treat. It isn't directly for a specialist to possibly treat particular kinds of patients when all patients ought to be dealt with the name and not quite the same as anybody else.Another impediment would be the sort and data that the doctor will reveal to the patients. All patients ought to be told all data and never left in obscurity about anything particularly in the event that it has to do with the patient. All patients would must have protection that is required by the law so as to be seen. On the off chance that a patient doesn't have protection they will be required to apply for clinical help before they are seen at the emergency clinic. On the off chance that a patient doesn't fit the bill for clinical help and can't bear the cost of protection they would be seen and afterward requested to round out a paper to check whether they fit the bill for a noble cause help through the hospital.At the medical clinic no can be dismisse d. Another key segment is the HIPPO It is a law that everybody ought to need to keep the HIPPO law. At the point when a patient would come in to the emergency clinic the patient would need to sign a HIPPO structure as a component of the desk work. Nobody in the clinic is permitted to give any data about the patient to anybody except if the patient gives authorization recorded as a hard copy. Another would be the place somebody would have health care coverage butte would acknowledge the insurance.Someone who has clinical help will be treated in the medical clinic since they have protection through the state which is controlled by the legislature. At the point when somebody who has clinical help will be treated for what's up however the patient will be determined what isn't secured by the protection and installment game plans would be made. The patients that have Medicaid the administration will make installments to the emergency clinic for the administrations they are given. Organiza tion guidelines and rules are made for Medicaid more than 40 years turned into a genuine battleground for the program.Medicaid guidelines that are passed by the government division of wellbeing and human administrations and the state - level offices are what breathed life into the program. In each state there is a constitution and separate constitution. Most significant constitution arrangements are written in expansive terms that lead to may lawful debates in light of the fact that there are to many contending approaches and speculations so can decipher equivocal constitution phrases. In the province of Massachusetts the Supreme Court has controlled capital punishment is precluded under the state's constitution.And Marshland's constitution requires a jury to request to convict an individual of a wrongdoing. A rule must be composed outcomes in the requirement for courts to decipher and apply general sculptures to a ton of explicit legitimate cases, this is called legal development. For intensity of administering congress may appoint adjudicatory and authorization forces to the organization offices. Since these are not situated in the official, instead of the legal branch they should in any case give the Bill of rights.

An economic case for batteries for energy storage

Question: we are reading the executives for maintainability (Life Cycle Management) and structure for supportability. Answer: Life cycle the executives Presentation The arrangement for economical advancement is very urgent, particularly when the business house is associated with the matter of reestablishment vitality like force. With the assistance of the reasonable formative arrangement, the organization expects to accomplish the set objective or targets without trading off with the nature of the administrations. In this procedure, it is basic to receive a sound strategy through which the assets can be taken care of in the most ideal way. The arrangement has been created and actualized with a goal of accomplishing long haul plan of economical development. In this procedure, the administration of the organization needs to deal with the ecological elements that can legitimately affect the arranged exhibition of the organization. It is very important to build up a methodology through which the regular assets can be adequately dealt with by the administration of the organization (Bayart et al., 2009). Explanation behind creating manageable arrangement The achievement of the organization relies on the kind of system plan that has been set up by the administration. In this procedure, it is very basic to investigate the difficulties and different elements that can affect the reasonable arrangement that has been created by the administration. Through this procedure, it is conceivable to build up a powerful advance that will diminish the creation squander. This is one of the most significant factors and should be worked upon in a viable way. The interest for sustainable power source like force has been colossally expanding. This has been because of increment in the populace and diverse modern units. Aside from this, there has been an improvement in the innovation that has been followed to execute the correct sort of procedures through which the necessary changes can be actualized. The arrangement that has been drafted by the organizations must be dissected, as this will help in the determination of the best alternative. Through a power ful arranging technique, it is workable for the organization to diminish on the social or the biological harms that has been caused to the nature/condition. If there should be an occurrence of the supportable formative arrangement it is important to consolidate three distinct elements that incorporate reasonableness, condition assurance, financial productivity, and others. The procedure that is embraced by the organization needs to focus towards the economical development and usage of better techniques for expanding the productivity. This is one reason the advantages that are related with the network and different components must be mulled over. Through a powerful economical arrangement it is workable for the organization to embrace and execute a compelling technique that will urge the individuals to impart reasonable data to the customers. In this procedure, the nature of data that should be imparted to the individuals must be chosen and the remedial strides for remedying the equiv alent must be executed (Dahlsrud, 2007). Innovation for batteries for vitality stockpiling The market for capacity wares relies on the interest for the items. For this situation, the vitality advertise must be dissected to roll out the improvements in the batteries showcase. Batteries are required for putting away the vitality. It is viewed as one of the savvy techniques to store the vitality. This is considered to truly outstanding and best strategies, through which the vitality can be put away and devoured with the end goal of business and residenal purposes. Such a procedure is viewed as very successful as it helps in putting away the vitality in the most ideal way, without expanding the expense related with the equivalent. With the assistance of such a technique, it is conceivable to spare vitality and secure the utilization of the electcticity power in the most ideal way. It is important to break down the need of the vitality as this will help in ensuring the monetary factor and the costs associated with the way toward expending vitality. Force age technique The innovation that has been received for expanding the force age process has certain detriments. This procedure directly affects the natural variables, which is viewed as very unsafe. Hence, a compelling advance should be taken for actualizing the necessary changes that will be useful in controlling the difficulties that are looked by the organizations. In this technique, the issues that are related with the economical arrangement should be broke down, and the worry that can affect the earth, partners, and others should be featured. The issue may exist at each level and this is one reason, the difficulties must be handled in the most ideal way. National strategy additionally has one of the difficult components, and similar should be taken care of in a viable way. So as to deal with the difficulties it is important to embrace a compelling technique, through which the issues can be arranged by the administration. An effect on the force age procedure can straightforwardly influence the monetary state of the nation. This is one reason; the issue should be taken care of in the correct way. Aside from this, it is important to build up a positive and long haul connection between the arrangement and the procedures that has been created by the organization. Other than this, the issue identified with natural elements must be managed on an all inclusive premise. This will help in taking care of the difficulties and drafting the best approach through which the issue can be successfully taken care of. As it were, the errand of the administration doesnt only end by drafting successful approaches, yet the test is with the procedure that has been received for finding the distinctions that exists at the hour of the execution procedure (EC JRC 2007). Investigation on the Australian circumstance concerning different nations and the worldwide setting Australia is one of the created nations that have numerous enterprises. Aside from this, the government specialists are moving in the direction of providing food the force utilization and different needs of the individuals. Coal is one of the prime necessities of delivering restoration vitality. This is one reason; the interest for the powers has been hugely expanding. Because of the improvement in the innovation there has been an expansion in the creation exercises. Anyway the test is with the hazard that is caused to the earth. Notwithstanding, in this procedure the difficulties that are related with the procedure of extraction and utilizing of coal must be broke down. This can straightforwardly influence the natural components. Extraction of coal in an impromptu way, can affect the ecological variables. This additionally incorporates the general wellbeing and the wellbeing estimates that should be followed for making sure about the lives of the individuals. There has been an expan sion noticeable all around contamination that has been caused to an expansion in the extraction of coal. Aside from this, the effect on the earth because of coal ignition must be additionally examined. Other than this, it is additionally important to break down the financial costs that are identified with the procedure of extraction of the recharging vitality. The effect on the soundness of the network and the earth has been definitely expanding. This has been one reason, it has gotten basic to embrace and actualize a compelling technique through which the contamination and the negative effect on nature can be controlled. Coal has been pronounced to be monetarily reasonable that would contribute towards the fruitful improvement of the country. Comparative technique has been trailed by the specialists from various countries like Asia, the USA, and the UK. In any case, without powerful arranging and usage process, it isn't workable for the specialists of the nation to execute the corr ect system that is related with the natural and monetary wellbeing factors (European Commission, 2002). For this situation, it is important to create and actualize a viable technique for the manageable turn of events. Over the top use of the petroleum products that incorporates coal as a rule expands the hazard that is related with the environmental change. Such factor will straightforwardly affect the poor country, and their advancement wouldnt be conceivable. This is one reason, there must be successful advances that should be taken for actualizing the necessary changes for securing nature. For this situation, the effect of such exercises on the network and the partners must be examined. This will help in embracing and following the correct kind of methodologies that will be valuable in the formative assignment. Proceeds with process, can prompt effect on the de-carbonize of the economy, which is in reality the greatest reason for the vitality producer (Fava, and Hall, 2004). Current circumstance and the future possibilities In the event that the procedure proceeds, at that point the country can confront major issues in future. For this situation, the current circumstance must be dissected, as this will assist the specialists with developing and actualize a viable procedure through which the fundamental changes can be executed. For this, it is important to investigate the genuine effect the coal extraction process has on the earth and the individuals. This will help in creating and usage of the correct strategy. For this, it is important to receive the privilege economical formative arrangement that will assist the specialists with controlling the negative effect of the contamination. AT present it is important to break down the advantages that are related with the long and transient procedure. This will help in overwhelming the difficulties that is related with inadmissible exchanging exercises that can influence the financial advantage on the run long. For this, the government specialists need to execu te a viable technique through which the necessary changes can be actualized by the administration or the specialists. The coal separated in Australia has an extraordinary interest in the economicall

Church and State in Italy During the Middle Ages Italy - Free Essay Example

Church and State in Italy during the middle ages! Church has always played a major part in Italian History. As Europe gradually emerged from the destruction of the Roman Empire, the church became one of the mainstays of civilisation. The disorganisation of the Holy Roman Empire, its ongoing dispute with the papacy over the extent of Church authority in secular government and absentee foreign overlords left Italians largely self-governing within their communes. At the start of the fourteenth century, Italy was a patchwork of independent towns and small principalities whose borders were drawn and redrawn by battles, diplomatic negotiations and marriage alliances. During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, many of these petty principalities consolidated into five major political units that precariously balanced power on the Italian peninsula; the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, the Papal States and the three major city-states of Florence, Venice and Milan . The other minor city-states which co-existed with these larger powers made political stability in Italy even more tenuous as their loyalties shifted from one main force to another. The Catholic Church was the major unifying cultural influence, preserving its selection from Latin learning, maintaining the art of writing, and a centralised administration through its network of bishops. In 380 AD, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the decree of the Emperor, which would persist until the fall of the Western Empire, and later, with the Eastern Roman Empire, until the Fall of Constantinople . During this time (the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils) there were considered five primary sees according to Eusebius: Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria, known as the Pentarchy . After the destruction of the western Roman Empire, the church in the West was a major factor in the preservation of classical civilisation, establishing monasteries, and sending missionaries to convert the peoples of northern Europe, even travelling as far as Ireland in the north. In the East, the Byzantine Empire preserved Orthodoxy, well after the massive invasions of Islam in the mid-seventh century . The invasions of Islam devastated three of the five Patriarchal sees, capturing Jerusalem first, then Alexandria, and then finally in the mid-eighth century, Antioch. The whole period of the next five centuries was dominated by the struggle between Christianity and Islam throughout the Mediterranean Basin. The battles of Poitiers, and Toulouse preserved the Catholic west, even though Rome itself was ravaged in 850 AD, and Constantinople besieged . In the 11th century, already strained relations between the primarily Greek church in the East, and the Latin church in the West, developed into the East-West Schism, partially due to conflicts over Papal Authority. The fourth crusade and the sacking of Constantinople by renegade crusaders proved the final breach . In the 16th century, in response to the Protestant Reformation, the Church engaged in a process of substantial reform and renewal, known as the Counter-Reformation. In subsequent centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world despite experiencing a reduction in its hold on European populations due to the growth of religious scepticism during and after the Enlightenment . The Second Vatican Council in the 1960s introduced the most significant changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent three centuries before . Bishops were central to Middle Age society due to the literacy they possessed. As a result, they often played a significant role in governance. However, beyond the core areas of Western Europe, there remained many people with little or no contact with Christianity or with classical Roman culture . Martial societies such as the Avars and the Vikings were still capable of causing major disruption to the newly emerging societies of Western Europe. The Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism within the west. Although the impulse to withdraw from society to focus upon a spiritual life is experienced by people of all cultures, the shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated in the deserts of Egypt and Syria . The style of monasticism that focuses on community experience of the spiritual life, called coenobitism, was pioneered by the saint Pachomius in the 4th century . Monastic ideals spread from Egypt to Western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries through hagiographical literature such as the Life of Saint Anthony . Monasteries become the core focus for the education of Italians once the administration collapsed and the Church took over. However with the monasteries in charge of the learning they also had the right to choose what would be taught and what would be thrown out. Anything they didn’t see as ‘Christian’ would not be able to be used in library’s or classes . This allowed the church to dominate the future teaching direction of all Italian people. Books they found ‘unchristian’ where removed and burnt from all libraries, Art work that wasn’t up to Christian standards was also removed and either ruined or sold to other countries. A great number of the Italian cultural history was lost during this Christian period. The Italian culture today is due largely to the churches influence in the middle ages. The Church formed many traditions that are still in place today. The history of the State is one that has fashioned Italy for many years though out all their battles and rulers, each has shaped Italy in one way or another. Every decision made over the years has been one of great debate and will continue for many years. The Christian church holds an astonishing power over the cities and the way the country is run. The culture and churches influence will be a forever lasting one within Italy.

Assessing calculates Dividend Payouts Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2792 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In this scenario, we are assuming that the company pays out all of its $889,000 net income after tax as dividends; thus, classified as fully franked dividends. Also, due to the absence of investment allowance (which permits businesses to deduct a specified percentage of certain capital costs from their taxable income) and other investment allowances specified under tax law, the companys taxable income is the same as its accounting net income. Pearls Pty Ltd has a net income after tax of $889,000 that could be paid out as dividends to the shareholders, A (55%) and B (45%); therefore, each shareholder will receive a cheque for the following dividend amounts that are fully franked. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assessing calculates Dividend Payouts Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Pearls Pty Ltd: Fully Franked Dividend Payments A: $488,950 (i.e. $889,000 x 55%) B: $400,050 (i.e. $889,000 x 45%) Total $889,000 (= company net income after tax) Pearls Pty Ltd: Imputation Credits A: $209,550 (i.e. 55% x $381,000 company income tax) B: $171,450 (i.e. 45% x $381,000 company income tax) Total $381,000 (= income tax paid by the company on its net income of $381,000 Alternatively, Imputation Credit = Fully franked dividend x Company tax rate 1 Company tax rate As imputation credit = $488,950 x 30% 1-0.30 = $209,550 Bs imputation credit = $400,050 x 30% 1-0.30 = $171,450 Shareholder A will receive a dividend payment of $488,950 with an imputation credit of $209,550 whereas Shareholder B will receive a dividend payment of $400,500 with an imputation credit of $171,450. (b) The Australian dividend imputation system eliminates the double taxation of dividends wherein fully taxed company profit distributed as dividends is effectively taxed only once at shareholders marginal tax rate, a stark contrast to the classical tax system. When a dividend is paid out of corporate profits that have been taxed at the statutory corporate tax ra te, the shareholder receives the cash dividend plus an imputation tax credit which can be used to offset personal income tax obligations. In other words, the shareholder is able to reduce the tax paid on the dividend by an amount equal to the tax imputation credits. Basically, taxation of dividends has been partially paid by the company issuing the dividend. The net effect of the imputation process once dividends are distributed by the company is for income tax to be levied on the net income earned by a company at the shareholders marginal personal tax rates. Although the dividend imputation system does lower the overall tax rate, the system describes that the amount of income tax payable by a company on its net income will not change the after-tax wealth of its shareholders. Dividend imputation system may also encourage domestic business investment by reducing the cost of capital for domestically owned companies. Consequently, companies would withhold tax on profits as it lev els the cost of financing a business with debt, on which interest is deductible, and equity. Thus, this increases company income tax revenues. Also, imputation brings integrity benefits as the benefit to companies and their shareholders encourages the anti-avoidance of income tax. However, imputation tax credits are of no direct value to non-resident shareholders who have no Australian personal tax obligations. Thus, dividends paid to foreign shareholders will be taxed twice as company income tax and by shareholders home country as tax on dividend income and vice versa. From the perspective of Australian companies, the non-creditability of foreign taxes may increase the required return for offshore investment, discouraging such investments and encouraging a domestically-oriented investment focus. Thus, this creates biasness against investment in an internationally orientated Australian company or in a foreign company. Finish answer Question 2 (17 marks) Joanna Pickford has been working with ABC Bank for a year and has just been promoted to junior financial adviser. Her first client wants to set up a savings account to accumulate $30,000 for a new car and the client can deposit $200 each fortnight from his salary into the account. ABC Bank currently pays interest on its savings accounts at a daily compound rate of 4.0% p.a. Joanna worked out that with depositing $5,200 (26 x $200) into the account each year it would take the client 5.29 years (30,000 FV, 5,200 +/- PMT, 4 i COMP n) to reach his target. As there are 26 fortnights in a year this would be equivalent to 137.5 fortnights so she told the client that he would have to make 137 fortnightly deposits of $200 and a final deposit of $100 (0.5 of $200) one fortnight later. Do you agree with Joannas calculations? Explain why. If not, how long will it take the client to reach his savings target and how much should the last deposit into the account be? Start answer Question 2 a) According to Joannas calculation: PMT = $200 N = 137 I/Y = 4%/26 = 0.153846154% Additional = $100 Using Financial Calculator: 200 +/- PMT 137 N 0.153846154 I/Y 100 +/- PV 1 N 0.153846154 I/Y COMP FV giving $30,475.57 COMP FV giving $100.1538 FV = $30,475.57 + $100.15 = $30,575.72 Note: The future value of final deposit of $100 should also be calculated with reference to the interest rate and compounding periods. Based on the computation above, Joannas calculation is incorrect as the client will accumulate $30,575.72 which is greater than what the client wanted ($30,000). This is due to incorrect calculation of compounding periods (which will be calculated in part (b)). b) i) Every fortnight: PMT = $200 FV = $30,000 I/Y = 4%/26 = 0.153846154% N = ? 30,000 FV 200 +/- PMT 0.153846154 I/Y COMP N giving 135.0693802 periods Based on the computation above, the correct compounding periods would be 135 fortnights. Therefore, her client would need to deposit $200 for 135 fortnights or 5.192 years (135/26). ii) PMT = $200 I/Y = 4%/26 = 0.153846154% N = 135 FV = ? 200 +/- PMT 0.153846154 I/Y 135 N COMP FV giving $29,982.94 Therefore, the 135th fortnightly deposit would bring the future value to $29,982.94 $30,000 $29,982.94 = $17.06 Based on the computation above, the remaining final deposit into the savings account should be $17.06 one fortnight later to achieve his savings target of $30,000. Finish answer Question 3 (11 marks) Kym Baker had a HECS liability of $12,500 at the end of the year in which he finished his degree. The HECS debt accumulates interest at a rate equal to the inflation rate, which was 1.25% per annum over the first year after he graduated and 0.35% for the following year. At the end of the second year after graduation Kyms annual taxable income has increased to $29,000 and he is required by the tax office to pay an amount equivalent to 1% of his annual taxable income to reduce his HECS debt. How much HECS does Kym owe at the end of the second year after graduation after making payment for that year to the Tax Office? Draw appropriate time-line(s) to demonstrate your calculations. Start answer Question 3 End of First Year After Graduation: I/Y = 1.25% pa PV = $12,500 N = 1 12,500 +/- PV 1.25 I/Y 1 N COMP FV giving $12,656.25 Second Year After Graduation: I/Y = 0.35% pa PV = $12,656.25 N = 1 12,656.25 +/- PV 0.35 I/Y 1 N COMP FV giving $12,700.55 Payment = $29,000 x 1% = $290 Balance = $12,700.55 $290 = $12,410.55 Repayments = $290 Balance = $12,410.55 Interest p.a. = $156.25 Interest p.a. = $44.30 $12,500 $12,656.25 $12,700.55 t=0 t=1 t=2 Year Payment Principal Interest Loan 0 $12,500 1 $156.25 $12,656.25 2 $290 $245.70 $44.30 $12,410.55 Finish answer Question 4 (20 marks) Mr. Rupert Temby has borrowed some funds to buy a new Hi-fi system from a reputable electrical retailer. The electrical retailer has an associated finance company, Ezy Credit who has provided Mr. Temby with the following finance options to pay for the Hi-fi system; Option A: A lump sum in 10 years from today, or Option B: $500 in 5 years time with a further $1,000 payable in 15 years time. Mr. Temby believes that he could earn a return of approximately 6% p.a. on any savings he would have by not being required to pay for the Hi-fi system today. Required : Determine and justify to Mr. Temby the maximum amount that he should pay for Option A. (7 marks) Mr. Temby has now received further advice from Ezy Credit that instead of the lump sum in 10 years time (Option A) or the instalment payments after 5 and 15 years as previously indicated (Option B), they would be willing to accept a payment today of $850. Should Mr. Temby accept this offer? Justify your response. (8 marks) What important assumptions are you making in your answers to a) and b) above which should be discussed with Mr. Temby to ensure that you have given him appropriate advice so that he can readily understand the consequences of any decisions made based on your calculations? (5 marks) Start answer Question 4 a) At 10th year, PV = $ At 10th year, FV = $ $500 $1000 t=0 t=5 t=10 t=15 From Option B ($500 in 5 years with a further $1,000 payable in 15 years), the future value of this option would be the same as the maximum future value of the lump sum of Option A at 10th year in accordance to the timeline described above. PV = 500 N = 5 I/Y = 6% 500 +/- PV 5 N 6 I/Y COMP FV giving $ 669.11 FV = 1000 N = 5 I/Y 6% 1000 FV 5 N 6 I/Y COMP PV giving $ 747.26 $669.11 + $747.26 = $ 1,416.37 Therefore, the Option As maximum amount Mr. Temby should pay in 10 years is $ 1,416.37. b) The third options present value is found, as at today which is also known as time period 0. In other words, PV0 = $850. Therefore, to be comparable with third option, Option A and Bs present value must also be expressed at time zero. Option A (A lump sum in 10 years from today): The present value is calculated as below: FV = 1,416.67 I/Y = 6% N = 10 1,416.67 FV 6 I/Y 10 N COMP PV giving $ 791.06 Therefore, the present value of the lump sum of Option A is $791.06. Option B ($500 in 5 years time with a further $1,000 payable in 15 years time): The present value is calculated as below: 1st 5 years: Next 10 years: FV = 500 FV = 1000 I/Y = 6% I/Y = 6% N = 5 N = 15 500 FV 6 I/Y 5 N 1000 FV 6 I/Y 15 N COMP PV giving $373.63 COMP PV giving $417.27 $373.63 + $417.27 = $790.90 The present value of the instalment payment of Option B is $790.90. No, Mr. Temby should not accept the third option wherein he is allowed to pay $850 now to clear his debt. This is unacceptable because the present value from Option B of $790.90 is a cheaper option as compared to the present value of $850 for the third option. c) Assumptions: Individuals have time preference for money due to: Risk Preference for consumption Investment Opportunities Finish answer Question 5 (9 marks) You have just won the Golden Basket lottery which gives you the choice of your prize being either a house and land package with a current market value of $500,000 or receiving cash totalling $600,000 paid in three instalments of $200,000, $150,000, $250,000 respectively. If you choose the cash alternative the first of amount will be paid to you at the end of two years from todays date and the next and subsequent amount will be paid at the end of 3 years from the date of the previous instalment. If you use the nominal rate of 6.5 percent per annum that currently applies for a monthly repayment housing loan as your time value of money, use appropriate calculations to determine whether you should accept the house and land package or the cash instalment alternative. Draw appropriate timeline(s) to demonstrate your calculations. Start answer Question 5 Time Lines: House and Loan Package $500,000 t=0 t=2 t=5 t=8 Cash Instalments: The first instalment will be paid in year 2. The next one will be after 3 years and so in year 5 and the last one after another 3 years. So, in year 8, the time line would be: $200,000 $150,000 $250,000 t=0 t=2 t=5 t=8 In order to make the decision, we would need to compare the present value of the two options the land and house package is given now at present value of $500,000. For the instalments, we would need to discount the cash flows to get the present value. The interest rate is given as 6.5%. This is with monthly compounding as it is applicable to monthly repayments. We would need to calculate the effective annual rate as the cash flows are on yearly basis. Effective annual rate = (1 +j/m)m 1 = (1+6.5%/12)12 1 = 6.6972% 0 ENT 0 ENT 200,000 ENT 0 (x,y) 2 ENT 150,000 ENT 0 (x,y) 2 ENT 250,000 ENT 2ndF CASH 6.6972 ENT ? COMP giving $432,993.47 Therefore , we should accept the house and land package as it has a higher present value ($500,000) as compared to the cash instalments present value at $432,993.47 Finish answer Question 6 (26 marks) You have some money to invest for 12 months and are considering purchasing shares in the retail sector. After reviewing the historical performance and future prospects for Elite Jewellery Ltd. and So Lo Supermarkets Ltd, you have prepared the following information that you will use for your investment decision: Elite Jewellery Ltd So Lo Supermarkets Ltd Current share price $9.00 $11.60 Current EPS $1.20 0.90 Current Beta 0.85 0.60 Elite Jewellery Ltd So Lo Supermarkets Ltd Probability of Return Likely Return over next 12 mths Probability of Return Likely Return over next 12 mths 0.15 -1% 0.10 1% 0.60 12% 0.40 7% 0.25 18% 0.30 10% 0.20 14% Other relevant information: Current risk free rate of return: 5% p.a. Long run average return on market portfolio: 12% p.a. Required: (a) Calculate the expected return (R*) and standard deviation (s) for each share. (9 marks) (b) Briefly explain the meaning of expected return and standard deviation and outline what your calculations indicate about a relationship between risk and return. (4.5 marks) Briefly outline in words that an average person in the street can understand the difference between standard deviation and beta as measures of risk. (3 marks) Calculate the return investors with a diversified portfolio should require from each share. (2 marks) With reasons based on your computations, in (a) and (d) above, provide a recommendation of which share (if any) you should purchase/not purchase. (3 marks) On the basis of your analysis in (e) above detail what you would expect to happen to the price of each share in the market. (2 marks) Briefly explain what is likely to occur, in relation to the risk exposure of your investment portfolio, as you increase the number of diversi fied investments in your investment portfolio. (2.5 marks) Start answer Question 6 a) Elite Jewellery Ltd E(R) = [P(R1) x R1] + [P(R2) x R2] + [P(R3) x R3] = (0.15 x -1%) + (0.60 x 12%) + (0.25 x 18%) = 0.1155 = 11.55% Standard deviation, s = aring; (R R )2 x P(R) = (11.55% -1%)2 x 0.15 + (11.55% 12%)2 x 0.60 + (11.55% 18%)2 x 0.25 = 5.84% Investing in Elite Jewellery Ltd is expected to provide a return of 11.55% with a riskiness of 5.84% So Lo Supermarkets Ltd E(R) = [P(R1) x R1] + [P(R2) x R2] + [P(R3) x R3] + [P(R4) x R4] = (0.10 x 1%) + (0.40 x 7%) + (0.30 x 10%) + (0.20 x 14%) = 0.087 = 8.7% Standard deviation, s = aring; (R R )2 x P(R) = (8.7% 1%)2 x 0.1 + (8.7% 7%)2 x 0.4 + (8.7% 10%)2 x 0.3 + (8.7% 14%)2 x 0.2 = 3.63% Investing in So Lo Supermarkets Ltd is expected to provide a return of 3.63% with a riskiness of 3.63% b) The expected return indicates the average return that we may expect to earn over the next 12 months where all possible outcomes are weighted by the probability that each will occur. The standard deviation serves as an indicator of risk and measures the weighted average of the deviations of the returns from the average (expected) value. Using a normal distribution we can assign probabilities. There would be 68% probability that the returns would be between +/- 1 standard deviation (the return may be 11.55% + 5.84% or 11.55% 5.84% for Elite Jewellery), 95.5% possibility that returns would be between +/- 2 standard deviation and 99.7% probability that returns would be between +/- 3 standard deviation. The risk is denoted by the standard deviation. The higher the standard deviation, the higher the risk since variability in return is higher. So we would expect to have a higher expected return where the standard deviation is higher. c) The difference is that standard deviation is a measure of the risk if a particular stock is the only stock in the investment portfolio. What this implies is that if we have only one stock in our investment, the standard deviation of the return is the measure of risk since it indicates the variability in return, that is how much more or less the actual return can be from the expected return. On the other hand, Beta is measure of risk in the portfolio context. If we have more than one stock in our investment portfolio, we should not look at standard deviation but the beta of the stocks. The reason is that the portfo lio return will be influenced by the expected return of individual stocks in the portfolio and also by the correlation between the returns. It may be possible that one stock has a higher return, whilst another stock has a lower return. The portfolio return would be close to zero and the variability would be less, hence reducing risk. d) As mentioned in point 3, for a diversified portfolio, the measure of risk is the beta, thus the expected return would be dependent on beta. We will use the Capital Asset Pricing Model equation to calculate the expected return. Rf = 5% Rm = 12% b EJ = 0.85 b SL = 0.60 Elite Jewellery Ltd E(R) = Rf + bEJ (Rm Rf) = 5% + 0.85 (12% 5%) = 10.95% So Lo Supermarkets Ltd E(R) = Rf + b SL (Rm Rf) = 5% + 0.60 (12% 5%) = 9.20% Therefore, the expected return for the diversified portfolio on Elite Jewellery Ltd and So Lo Supermarkets Lts is 10.95% and 9.20% respectively. (e) Based on the computation above, it is recommended that Elite Jewellery Ltd shares should be bought as it generates a higher expected return as compared to So Lo Supermarkets Ltd and the risk-free investment. Although higher returns are accompanied with a higher risk, it is assumed that we are interested in shares with the highest return. (f) (g) Finish answer

The Inefficiency Of Our War On Drugs Essay - 1383 Words

The Inefficiency of Our War on Drugs in America Every year in America we spend billions of taxpayer dollars to fight the war on drugs. With such a massive budget one would assume that the drug trade would be at the lowest point in history. After all, we are spending more than ever before. Unfortunately the opposite is actually true. The drug trade in America simply continues to rise. The problem is that we are not fighting the war on drugs the right way. We have created laws that do not help the drug users with their addiction, in fact many actually make it more difficult for the drug addicts to start a new life. When a drug user is arrested he or she is often sentenced to prison which in theory would give them time to overcome their addiction. Unfortunately however, while in prison they are surrounded by other drug users, and other more violent criminals. 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Cross Cultural Management One Group of Individuals

Question: Discuss about theCross Cultural Managementfor One Group of Individuals. Answer: Introduction Cultural differences are one which is obvious and common from one group of individuals to another group of individuals. The main reason of the increased cultural diversity is the presence of numerous cultures in one society. The cultural diversity is based upon number of things which are transferred from one generation to the next generation. The cultural differences arise from differences in the values, beliefs and languages. China and the United States are the two nations which are such large countries that their cultures are recognized across the globe. There are number of differences in the cultures of both these nations but still there are various factors which play a major contribution in shaping up the cultures of both the nations. The history of any nation gives rise to the cultural differences among the various countries. These differences do not make any culture strong or another culture weak but creates a unique identity for every nation (Banks, 2015). The report will prov ide an in-depth knowledge of the cultural differences among the United States and China. The cultural differences are based upon various elements such as difference in language, religion, education, values, norms and laws of the respective countries. The individuals of every country have a different set of values, norms, knowledge and interests which divides the entire nation into various societal groups. And these groups practice diverse culture which gives rise to cultural difference among the countries. The report also highlights the major factors which are the foundation of the cultural diversity in the nations. It also shows which areas require further development for the countrys economic growth and success (Appadurai, 2011). Cultural Differences in the United States and China In both the nations i.e. the United States and China there are several cultural differences which separate the identity of people living in both the countries. The difference in the culture or the cultural diversity builds a unique identity of every nation. Following are the major factors on the basis of which there are present differences in the cultures of the United States and China. Cultural Differences Based on Language Language is one of the elements which is universal but still have different sounds and meanings and this diverse nature of language results into cultural differences. In China, the most of the population i.e. approx 94 percent speak Chinese. Mandarin was announced as the official speech of the nation (Shang, Chin, and Chan, 2015). But when talked about the United States, there are several ethnic groups which gave rise to number of different languages. As there were several groups of people migrated from various other regions and it resulted into Multilanguage nation. But English language is regarded as the official speech of the nation. There is difference in the languages of both the nations in terms of sound and meaning. This difference has been the result of the function, believe and the culture of the societies. And hence the cultural difference based on the language spoken is one of the primary differences which show the cultural diversity of one section of society from another section. Cultural Differences based on Religion Another cultural difference occurs on the basis of religion. Religions play a vital and important part in the cultural diversity of the world. As it is the part of the peoples lives. There is multicultural religion followed in the states of China. There are three primary religions which prevail in China i.e. Buddhism, Taoism and Islam. There is a book named Koran which has Islam teachings which was founded by Muhammed and it was claimed that he had a vision from God (Murtaza, et al., 2016). There practiced two different forms of Islamic religion in China. One has a belief that modernism threatens the religion and the other has a belief that for interpreting the Koran the religious leader has been inspired. Another religion i.e. Buddhism is the act of worship of the one which is enlightened and it provide teachings for overcoming the desire of an individual for overcoming the pain. In America, there are numerous and unlimited sects of religion as there are multicultural societies pres ent in the United States. The most of the population i.e. approximately 69 percent of the overall Americans belongs to a synagogue or a church (Putnam, Campbell and Garrett, 2012). In the nation of the United States, the maximum percentages of people are basically drawn towards a particular religion because of age, race and the social class. The most vital element on which the classification of religion depends is the race. There are different churches in the United States i.e. divided on the basis of White population and the other segment is African Americans. And because of multiple religions present in the country there is no such religion which dominates the nation. But with increased modernization the country led less focus and importance over the religion. But the culture of China is very much revolve around and focused over the religion the people practices (Moran, Abramson and Moran, 2014). Cultural Differences Based on Education In the present scenario there is huge importance led over the education sector. The various cultures are getting affected by the type of education they are receiving. There was an era where the children were given education which was necessary for their living. At some places only the children of wealthy families were getting higher education and the remaining who does not possess sound financial condition were not able to provide their children the higher education. The Government of China led great emphasis over the development of the education sector and to make the people literate and there are number of programs which have been implemented in China for the success of the educational sector. China has already established a system for raising fund for the development of the educational system so that more amount of money can be sent to the schools and higher number of people can get the opportunity to read and write (Moran, Abramson and Moran, 2014). There has also been implemente d a Compulsory Education Program in China which focus upon the education of the poor people and their children. In the last few years there has been a sudden increase in the implementation of the Kindergartens and the success of these kindergartens can be realized as there was 42.2 percent of children under the age group 3 to 5 have been enrolled in those kindergartens (Chen, Yang and Ren, 2015). As per the statistics of UNESCO, it was identified that the ration of children who are school aged which have been enrolled in China is greater than all other nations with similar level of economic development (Tsui and Lau, 2012). The United States educational system started educating people about the government and politics. It was found that there was no such comprehensive or actual school system and mostly the schools were dependent upon the tuitions only. Some of the poor children were provided free education in the schools. But in the year 1918, there were laws which were passed which made the education compulsory for all the children (Beard, 2012). In the educational system of the United States there are several problems which are prevailing such as teen pregnancy, drugs, school violence and SAT tests. One of the major concerns which the schools are facing is the gun shooting and the US government is trying to solve this issue with several techniques. Both the nations i.e. China and the United States recognize education as one of the most vital element of their culture and society but there are still rooms for improvements (Law and Versteeg, 2012). Cultural Differences Based on Values The culture of a nation led high importance over the values. The values can be demonstrated in terms of standards, definitions and ideas of individuals. With the change in time, Chinas traditional values are changing but still there are various regions which are recognized as the vital part of the modern societies (Pieterse, 2015). There are numerous elements which are the part of traditional values such as male domination, living in joint families, only males are working etc. presently in China there is great emphasis over the reputation and importance of families. But now there are smaller families with minimum number of people. There has been a great change in the social values as now the girls are given equal importance and are treated equally like the boys. Earlier they were values which give privilege to only the arranged marriages but with the change in time the people are very much free to select their life partners. There are few traditional festivals which are given great s ignificance in the Chinese culture. These festivals are the part of the lives of Chinese people. The most general aspects of the Chinese festivals are family reunion, recognizing a connection among the heaven and the man, misfortune ward off, desire for well being and happiness (Farh, Zhong and Organ, 2004). For the reinforcement of the Chinese cultural identity the traditional festivals of China are regarded as the robust bonds. In the United States as there are multicultural societies and religion prevailing so there are different kind of values which are practiced based upon the ethnic, racial and special interest groups. Specification of the values of the United States is difficult as there are several groups in the country. But there are few common shared values which are similar for maximum of the groups in the nation (Moran, Abramson and Moran, 2014). This includes success and achievement, personal achievement in context with prestige, power, and attainment of wealth, work, s chool and authority. Americans major value is leisure. It is evident buy the development of recreational industry. Identified from the various self-help programs and products it has well recognized that self-fulfillment is one of the most vial values for the Americans. One of the values which have recently attained huge attention is the physical fitness. The difference in the values of both the nations is that the Chinese values are family centered whereas the values of the United States are mostly self-centered (Omi and Winant, 2014). Cultural Differences Based on Norms Norms are basically the expectations which take place in context with the societal values. There are norms which are associated with every culture in which the people live. In China, the norms are for the family honor and closeness. This closeness is usually recognized among the people of Chinese families. There are norms such as the number of children which a Chinese family can have. The limit in China is two. This norm has been created so that the rapidly increasing population in China can be control as China is already recognized as an over populated country. In the United States there are also several norms which are required to be followed by the people of the US. The children in the United States are expected to have their schooling, graduation, families and other things but after the accomplishment of the personal goals and objectives i.e. after achieving success. Similar to these norms these norms there are several other norms which are developed for the benefit of the indivi duals and the nation but it has been realized that people do not follow these norms adequately (Oetzel, et al., 2001). Cultural Differences Based on Laws and Regulations The laws and regulations are very much necessary for the smooth functioning of the societies and the culture. Every culture have some or the other laws which regulates the culture in a proper manner. These laws are derived by the associated beliefs and ideas. The Chinese society is recognized as socialistic with great economic development growth. The various strict laws have supported in progressing the educational system and improving the living standards of the people. By joining hands, individuals of all the nationalities of China have built a unitary multinational state called Peoples Republic of the China. There are various principles in the constitution of China. In the Peoples Republic of the China, there is an article 4 which states that all the nationalities are equal which are mentioned (ChiNa, 2010). In the article 19, the nation encourages education (ChiNa, 2010). The state invests in the educational sector for eradicating illiteracy from the country and to provide profes sional, technical, scientific, cultural and political education to the working people. In the entire constitution of China, there are norms which facilitates offering of various services related to medical and health, environment protection and family planning. The constitution of China is regarded as the basic norm of conduct by the Chinese people. In the United States, the laws are more regarding the protection of the people and keeping their rights safe (Moran, Abramson and Moran, 2014). There are few precious rights which the Americans have such as rights related to press, arms, religion and freedom of speech. The Bill of rights and the constitution of the United States protect and kept these rights. There has been passed decades when there were established great programs by the government of US. There are highly beneficial government programs and laws for the educational assistance, government loans, Medicaid and social security of the people of the nation. All the people of th e United States are offered a land of opportunity and freedom by the United States Federal Republic (Aaker and Schmitt, 2001). Conclusion The above information which has been offered regarding the two nations i.e. the United States and China clearly shows that both the nations and their respective cultures are very much different from each other. The culture of the nation depends upon several things such as the norms, ideas, beliefs and values of people and the manner in which the individuals perceive them. These factors divide the society in various groups and each group possesses a different set of cultural values on the basis of these factors. It has been analyzed that on all these factors both the nations possess a diverse cultural stand. For developing unity in the societies and the countries, it is required that people must get aware, educate and inform that there are differences which occurs from culture to culture. With the reduced cultural differences there will be improved intercontinental associations. The main difference which has been identified among these two nations is the order of the priorities these countries possess. In China, the religion and the family norms are at priority whereas in the United States this is considered as the least prioritized element. Hence this creates an ignorance of the individuals regarding the non-happening events taking place in the country (Egri and Ralston, 2004). Both the nations practice strong cultural beliefs but as there is multicultural societies in the Unites States which does not give the power to a single culture to dominate the entire nation. In China, there is majority of people who possess the similar culture and thus there develops cultural dominance in the nation. It can be conclude that Chins possess strong global cultural presence whereas the United States is recognized as a multicultural society. References Aaker, J. and Schmitt, B., 2001. Culture-dependent assimilation and differentiation of the self preferences for consumption symbols in the United States and China.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,32(5), pp.561-576. Appadurai, A., 2011. Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy 1990.Cultural theory: An anthology,2011, pp.282-295. Banks, J.A., 2015.Cultural diversity and education. Routledge. Beard, C.A., 2012.An economic interpretation of the Constitution of the United States. Simon and Schuster. Chen, L., Yang, D. and Ren, Q., 2015. Report on the State of Children in China. ChiNa, N., 2010. Peoples Republic of China. Egri, C.P. and Ralston, D.A., 2004. Generation cohorts and personal values: A comparison of China and the United States.Organization Science,15(2), pp.210-220. Farh, J.L., Zhong, C.B. and Organ, D.W., 2004. Organizational citizenship behavior in the People's Republic of China.Organization Science,15(2), pp.241-253. Law, D.S. and Versteeg, M., 2012. The declining influence of the United States Constitution.New York University Law Review,87(3), pp.762-858. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Murtaza, G., Abbas, M., Raja, U., Roques, O., Khalid, A. and Mushtaq, R., 2016. Impact of Islamic work ethics on organizational citizenship behaviors and knowledge-sharing behaviors.Journal of Business Ethics,133(2), pp.325-333. Oetzel, J., Ting-Toomey, S., Masumoto, T., Yokochi, Y., Pan, X., Takai, J. and Wilcox, R., 2001. Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States.Communication Monographs,68(3), pp.235-258. Omi, M. and Winant, H., 2014.Racial formation in the United States. Routledge. Pieterse, J.N., 2015.Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Putnam, R.D., Campbell, D.E. and Garrett, S.R., 2012.American grace: How religion divides and unites us. Simon and Schuster. Shang, G., Chin, K.N. and Chan, D.K.G., 2015. Error Diagnosis in Singapores Chinese Language Teaching: Difficulties and Solutions.Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching,12(1), pp.305-317. Tsui, A.S. and Lau, C.M. eds., 2012.The management of enterprises in the Peoples Republic of China. Springer Science Business Media

Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People Essay Example

Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People Essay Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people 1. 1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. When working in a school it is important that staff is aware of the ever changing legislation, especially the aspects related to promoting equality and valuing diversity. We need to be able to identify their relevance in school and that we are aware of them when carrying out our roles. Current legislation and Codes of Practice Every Child Matters 2003 covers children and young adults up to the age of 19, or 24 for those with disabilities. Its main aims are for every child, whatever their background or circumstances, to have the support they need to: †¢Be healthy †¢Stay safe †¢Enjoy and achieve †¢Make a positive contribution †¢Achieve economic well-being Each of the above has a detailed framework. In order for success within these frameworks many different agencies work together. The agencies in partnership may include, children’s centers, early years, schools, children’s social work services, primary and secondary health services, Playwork and Child and Adolescent Mental Health services. It is important that all these professionals work together and understand each other roles in order to provide the best possible service. The fundamental aim of Every Child Matters is to ensure every pupil is given the chance to be able to work towards the goals referred to within it. Children Act 2004 aims to ensure that the welfare of the child is paramount and works in partnership with parents to protect children from harm. We will write a custom essay sample on Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Act is intended to strengthen the child’s legal position, to give him/her equal rights, feelings and wishes and ensures children are consulted and kept informed. The Race Relations Act 1976 (amended 2000) – makes it unlawful to treat a person less favourably than another on the grounds of race including, race, colour, nationality and national or ethnic origin. The Act outlawed discrimination whether it is direct, indirect or victimisation. It placed a general duty to promote race equality and good race relations. Positive discrimination (affirmative action) is illegal in the UK and The Race Relations Act does not allow it. In other words a teacher cannot change the stability of the classroom by selecting a child mainly because she or he is from a particular racial group. This would be discrimination on racial grounds and against the law. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (amended 2005) it is unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities. All disabled people should be treated in a fair and equal way in relation to employment, the provision of services, education and transport. It has been unlawful for service providers to treat disabled people less favourably for a reason related to their disability. They have had to make adjustments for disabled people, such as providing extra help or making changes to the way they provide their services. Also service providers may have to make other adaptations in relation to the physical features of a building in order to overcome physical barriers. Schools are now encouraged to include children with disabilities into mainstream school. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 introduces the right for disabled pupils (primary age higher education) not to be discriminated against in education, training and any services provided for pupils. Student services covered by the Act can include a wide range of educational and non-educational services, such as field trips, examinations and assessments, short courses, arrangements for work placements and libraries and learning resources. It will be unlawful to treat a disabled person ‘less favourably’ than a non-disabled person for a reason that relates to the person’s disability. If a disabled person is at a significant disadvantage, you are required to take reasonable steps to prevent that disadvantage. This might include: †¢changes to policies and practices †¢changes to course requirements or work placements changes to the physical features of a building †¢the use of interpreters or other support workers †¢the delivery of courses in alternative ways †¢the use of material in other formats Human Rights Act 1998 helps create a society where people’s rights and responsibilities are balanced. All humans have the same rights and are treated equally. Human rights are meant for everyone, no matter what their race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, age, sex, political beliefs, intelligence, disability, sexual orientation or gender identity. Our basic human rights are: †¢Right to privacy †¢Right to live †¢Right to have a family To own property †¢Free Speech †¢Safety from violence †¢Equality of both males and females †¢Fair trial †¢To be innocent until proven guilty †¢To be a citizen of a country †¢The right to express his or her sexual orientation †¢To vote †¢To think freely †¢To believe and practice the religion a person wants †¢Health care †¢Education †¢Not be forced into marriage †¢The right to love †¢The right to work †¢The right to express oneself (Source: wikipedia. org – Human Rights) Un Convention on the Right of the Child 1989 it sets out in detail what every child (under the age of 18) needs to have for a safe, happy and fulfilled childhood. It includes children’s civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and promises to provide what a child needs to survive, grow, participate and fulfil their potential. This applies to every child, no matter who they are or where they are from. Equality Act 2010 covers nine characteristics that are protected by this act. They cannot be used in any way to treat people unfairly. Everyone has one or more of the protected characteristics, so everyone is protected against unfair treatment. The protected characteristics are: †¢age †¢disability †¢gender reassignment marriage and civil partnership †¢pregnancy and maternity †¢race †¢religion or belief †¢sex †¢sexual orientation As far as schools are concerned this means that they cannot unlawfully discriminate against pupils because of their sex, race, disability, religion or belief and sexual orientation. This also includes pupils who are pregnant or undergoing gender reassignment. Th e Sex Discrimination Act 1975 makes it unlawful to treat a woman or a man less favourably in employment, training, education and the provision of goods, facilities and services on the grounds of their gender or marriage. It prohibits direct or indirect sex discrimination against individuals in employment. Types of direct sex discrimination include sexual harassment and treating a woman unfavourably because she is pregnant. Indirect sex discrimination is where a requirement is applied to both sexes, but negatively affects more of one gender than the other, e. g. a requirement to be under 5ft 10ins would discriminate against men, while a requirement to work full-time might discriminate against women. Equal Pay Act 1970 prevents discrimination between male and female employees in the same job in relation to pay and terms and conditions. The Gender Reassignment Regulations 1999 extended the Sex Discrimination Act to make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of gender reassignment. Civil Partnership Act 2004 allows same-sex couples to make a legal commitment to each other by entering into a civil partnership. This means that gay and lesbian couples who register their relationship will have similar rights and responsibilities to married couples including, property rights, social security and pension benefits, parental responsibility, tenancy rights, full life insurance and next of kin rights in hospitals. EU Employment Directive 2000 prohibits employment discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation. It prohibits both direct and indirect discrimination and also includes harassment. Employment Equality (sexual orientation) Regulations 2003 – gives rights to lesbian, gay and bisexual workers. The regulations make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of sexual orientation in employment and professional training, including university students. The regulations include protection against direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, victimisation and harassment. Employment Equality (religion and belief) Regulations 2003 make it unlawful to discriminate on grounds of religion or belief held (or not held) in employment and professional training, including university students. Again, the regulations include protection against direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, victimisation and harassment. Employment Equality (age) Regulations 2003 make it unlawful to discriminate on the basis of age in all areas of employment, including training. The regulations do add in some situations where discrimination can be lawful if there is good reason but these are subject to strict guidelines. Statutory Code of Practice on Racial Equality in Employment – helps prevent unlawful racial discrimination and is relevant to all employers. It will help: †¢understand the Race Relations Act and be aware of your duties, rights and responsibilities †¢treat all workers in the same way, no matter what race, colour, nationality or ethnic group they are †¢improve your equality practices The code will help you draw up an equal opportunities policy and put it into practice. It must apply to all workers, throughout all stages of employment and should include: †¢advertising and recruiting for a post offering equal terms and conditions to potential employees †¢providing access to training, promotion or other opportunities †¢dismissing someone from a post †¢preventing harassment on racial grounds in the workplace Some of the above legislation has merged together under the Equality Act. These include: The Race Relations Act 1976 (amended 2000), The Disab ility Discrimination Act 1995 (amended 2005), The Sex Discrimination Act 1975, Equal Pay Act 1970, Employment Equality (age) Regulations 2003, Employment Equality (religion and belief) Regulations 2003 and Employment Equality (sexual orientation) Regulations 2003 Every school has a number of policies that set out the guidelines and procedures for ensuring equality. These take account of the rights of all individuals in school. When considering the way policies work to ensure equality and inclusion, it is important that we take into consideration all aspects of school life i. e. teaching, learning, values and practice. All schools should have a commitment towards promoting inclusion and equality. This usually comes in the form of written policies, which reflect the rights and responsibilities of all people associated with the school environment. Policies also provide guidance for staff and visitors on the ways the school ensures inclusive practice. A few examples of these policies are: †¢Health and Safety †¢SEN. †¢Behaviour †¢Equality and diversity †¢Attendance †¢Anti-bullying †¢Code of Conduct †¢Confidentiality †¢Inclusion †¢Safeguarding All of the above policies will include ways that schools work in relation to: †¢Race cultural diversity †¢equality of opportunity inclusive practice †¢safeguarding bullying †¢gifted talented pupils †¢special educational needs †¢disability access. †¢ The different ways in which schools promote the rights and equality for children are included in the policies. Schools must monitor the strengths and weaknesses in a policy and amend them in response to the ever changing legislation. To make this all a little easier to understand it can be viewed as a cycle. The cycle of development of legislation, policies and practice (Source:Pearsonschoolandfecolleges. co. uk) 1. 2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access Equality of Access is the idea that all pupils have equal rights of access to any aspect of school life. All pupils have the right to an expansive curriculum and schools have a duty to ensure that all pupils have equality of access no matter what their background, race, culture, gender, additional need or disability. Equality of access ensures that all discriminatory barriers are removed allowing for children’s individual needs to be met. An example of the importance of promoting equality of access, in my own experience, involves the child I worked with. She had a hip operation and was wheel chair bound for three months. As the school had ramp access to the building her education wasn’t hindered in any way. Participation is as important as equality of access and includes everyone within the school. It involves finding opportunities to talk to children and their parents about all aspects of school life and the curriculum. They could be asked what works, what doesn’t work, what could work better and they could also be involved in decisions about how their education is delivered to them and the evaluation process. Children want to be involved in the running of school and this process creates a sense of well being and worth. Children are more likely to interact and enjoy everything school has to offer. Participation also helps reduce bullying, improve school safety and supports a child’s emotional and social development. In my setting, participation is achieved formally and informally. We have a school council, made up of two children from classes 1-6. They meet on a regular basis and discuss school issues, set up play buddies, set up events to raise money for local charities and much more. Basically giving children a voice. Informally, we often chat in class or have whole school assemblies to come up with ideas for the future. At the start of term the whole school put together the new school rules with the head teacher, which the children agreed to and then signed. 1. 3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people Culture can have many different meanings and it’s what gives groups of people in our society their identity. Valuing and promoting cultural diversity of individuals and groups within the school will develop learning and encourage the knowledge and understanding of all pupils. Understanding and taking account of our pupil’s background and culture is essential for us to build effective relationships and provide appropriate support. Our school provides opportunities to ensure that children from all cultures feel welcome. We value and promote cultural diversity by: †¢making children feel valued and good about themselves †¢ensuring that children have equality of access to learning †¢creating an nvironment of mutual respect and tolerance †¢encouraging positive behaviour in children e. g. kindness and inclusion †¢exploring different faiths and cultural practices as part of the curriculum – RE and PHSE lessons †¢displaying signs around school in a variety of languages †¢taking part in awareness assemblies †¢using learning resources representing different cultures e. g. play sets, empathy dolls, books †¢taking part in celebration days/lessons – we recently had a cookery lesson led by a parent who is from Thailand and a lady from India spent a day with us teaching there way of dance. Both were thoroughly enjoyed by all the children (and staff! ) It is important to help children feel settled and secure in their environment and this can be achieved by participating in all of these opportunities, in turn children know that their culture is respected. Valuing and promoting cultural diversity are beneficial in that they build children’s confidence, develop their understanding and awareness and give a sense of pride. In time this will create an environment that is socially accepting. 2. 1 Explain ways in which children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination Discrimination is defined as the unjust treatment of different categories of people or things and prejudice is most often referred to as preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of gender, social class, age, disability, religion, sexuality, race or other personal characteristics. There are many ways a child can experience prejudice and discrimination in school and unfortunately a lot of children are subject to it. Children can experience these forms of discrimination in different ways: †¢Direct discrimination This occurs when one person treats another person less favourably than they would another because of a protected characteristic. One person is specifically singled out e. g. a child who has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is not permitted to take part in the school play because of fears about their behaviour. †¢Indirect discrimination This occurs when a working condition or rule appears neutral, but its impact particularly disadvantages people with a protected characteristic. Specifically excluding a person by being selective e. g. the school is fitted with lifts but the building has a set of six steps at the front entrance. Entry for those needing to use the lift is through the back entrance near the bins. Those using a wheelchair can’t get into the building from the front entrance. †¢Victimisation – This occurs by treating somebody less favourably than others because they tried to make a complaint about discrimination. It is an ongoing form of bullying where a person/group is pinpointed. e. g. a teacher shouts at a pupil because he thinks she intends to support another pupil’s harassment claim. 2. 2 Analyse the impact of prejudice and discrimination on children and young people In an experiment carried out by Jane Elliot, ‘Brown eyes, blue eyes’, Elliot saw co-operative, thoughtful children turn into nasty, vicious children within the space of 15 minutes. She found that children experiencing discrimination had very negative feelings. They felt inferior which resulted in low self esteem. The children didn’t even want to try and accomplish anything, they just gave up. Learning was influenced by the attitude of their self and tasks took longer to complete. The basis of discrimination can be the smallest thing, as you can see from the previous diagram, but can have an immense negative impact on a child. Depending on the seriousness of the discrimination and how long it goes on for, prejudice and discrimination can create social and emotional tension and can lead to fear and anxiety. It can undermine the self-esteem and self-confidence of those being ridiculed and make them feel unaccepted and unworthy. Children stop liking themselves and think that no one wants to know about them because they feel different from their peers and not worthy. A child will start to feel that they are not valued as a person. In turn, their school performance often suffers. A child who does not feel part of the class due to discrimination or prejudice will not be happy or feel safe in school and will not want to put their hand up to ask a question in class as it will draw attention to them. They may become depressed and socially withdrawn, becoming less able to join in with activities with their peers. With a lack of confidence it’s also difficult to make friends and with fewer positive relationships being developed with peers or adults the impact on prejudice and discrimination can be very depressing and childhood can become a much less happy time. 2. 3 Evaluate how own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children and young people Our own values and attitudes have a critical impact on the way we make decisions and conduct ourselves. It is important to be clear about these personal values and beliefs so they don’t have a negative impact on the children we support. We must be aware and make sure we are not judgemental in any way on the basis of race, gender, religion, ethnicity etc We have a duty to protect the rights of the children we work with. My personal background, upbringing and experiences can have an effect on attitudes towards individuals and groups, so it is important that I recognise these. I could overcome them by developing a greater understanding of groups in society e. g. finding out about the religious beliefs and cultures of the children I work with and learn about any special educational needs or disabilities. It is important I don’t make assumptions about children and young people. Finding out about their backgrounds, interests, abilities and individual needs will help me to provide more effective, appropriate and personalised support. It is quite difficult to evaluate my own attitudes, values and behaviours because sometimes you don’t realize you hold this belief until faced with it. However, whilst at work it is important to put aside these beliefs and not impose my opinions on the young impressionable children I work with. I would like to say that I treat all the children the same at school and give each child equal opportunities. However, I work with a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and it is so hard not to treat him a little differently. He is very demanding of my attention and certain measures need to be in place to enable him to function in the classroom. This immediately sets him apart from the others in the class. Nevertheless, I do ensure that he receives the same treatment as the rest of the class when it comes to discipline etc. When it comes to age, race, gender, religion or ethnicity I hold a very positive attitude. There are only a handful of children from multi cultural backgrounds at my school but I respect and value them as much as any child. I live my life according to my own religious belief and I take a genuine interest in learning about other peoples religious beliefs and celebrations. The setting I work educates children from 3-11 and my colleagues age range from 22-50+. Every person, no matter what their age, is worthy and valued, and all of them make a positive contribution to the school. I feel that displaying these positive values and behaviour characterises me as a positive role model and has a positive impact on the children I work with. . 4 Explain how to promote anti-discriminatory practice in work with children and young people The promotion of anti-discriminatory practice should be at the forefront of any schools practice. As well as having the policies in place, it is paramount that anti-discriminatory practice is demonstrated in everything we do. As a member of the school te am it is my shared responsibility to ensure that anti-discriminatory practice is promoted. To promote anti discriminatory practice it’s important that all staff act as good role models. Children are very impressionable and replicating this ehaviour will teach children to respect one another. It is important to include the children in as much as you can and listen to what they have to say. You may need to differentiate or adapt the work so that all the children are given equal opportunities to complete it. All barriers need to be removed so that children can have full access to the curriculum. Children need to be recognized as unique and they all need to be treated as individuals. Our school council has set up a play buddies system at playtimes. This ensures that all the children can play together; no body is left out for any reason. This also gives the older children a sense of responsibility and they enjoy it. If I was to ever become aware of any victims of discrimination either in the class room or in the playground, I would make sure that it was dealt with promptly and efficiently. It is very serious and must not be ignored. This will hopefully prevent it from happening again and stop any discrimination from escalating and becoming a bigger problem. 2. 5 Explain how to challenge discrimination. Within my role as a Teaching Assistant there is a chance I will be required to challenge pupils over their behaviour because I feel it is potentially discriminatory. This must be done as soon as it is witnessed. Discriminatory behaviour must never be ignored and it is often common practice to record any incidences. A lot of the time children are unaware of the implications of a comment they might make. They could be mimicking what they have heard elsewhere and not mean to be insensitive. How you choose to challenge inappropriate behaviour will depend on the situation it occurred in and the age of the child but it is important to challenge effectively so there is less chance of it happening again. The following are useful to consider: †¢Talk to the child and make them aware of why, what they did or said was wrong †¢Depending on the age and ability of the child you could turn it into a game i. e. role play †¢Ensure you talk to the child at their level of understanding †¢Ask what actually happened, why it happened and how they would feel if it happened to them In an incident that occurred in my setting the named child I work with called another child ‘a nigger’. I didn’t witness the episode but it was reported straight to me. He was immediately removed from the situation and sent to the head teachers’ office. The Head and I explained in a sensitive manner, the seriousness of his comment. It turned out the comment is something he had overheard at home and he didn’t realise the offence it would cause. The child apologised personally to the other child and a letter was sent home to parents so that they could reiterate what we had said in school. Challenging discriminatory behaviour is important to ensure we create a learning environment that is free of discrimination. We need to show that we value differences. It also reinforces the policies and procedures that we have in place at school. In all instances it needs to be made clear that a child inappropriate behaviour or comments are not acceptable and that everyone in school deserves to be treated fairly and with respect. 3. 1 Explain what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practices Inclusion is about creating a secure, accepting, collaborating and stimulating school community in which everyone is valued and all the pupils can achieve their best. Inclusion involves making sure all children are given the opportunity to access all areas of the curriculum including out of school activities e. g. school trips. Everyone in school has an important role in promoting and supporting an inclusive culture. Everything we do, on a daily basis, is inclusive practice and there are three main elements to its success: †¢Attitudes – staff should have high expectations of all their pupils. The work set should be adjustable so that all pupils can be included. Diversity should be celebrated and valued, certainly not feared and all pupils should be encouraged to believe in the ‘I can’ attitude. †¢Skills – all staff should be equipped with the right skills, dependant on the child’s need, to enable them to provide an environment that welcomes all. †¢Resources all pupils should have access to the same range of resources. Some of the resources will be specific to pupils particular needs e. g. hearing aid, sound systems, mobility aids and it is important we know how to use these so all children can gain access to all aspects of school life. The child I work with has ADHD and doesn’t take kindly to any changes in his daily routine. If there is a sudden change he lashes out which means he needs to be removed from the classroom and therefore misses out on parts of his education. To overcome any potential problems we have now introduced a visual timetable on his desk so he can see exactly what he is doing and when. This minimizes any possible outbreaks and results in a smooth lesson. Other examples of inclusive practice in our school are things like introducing a physical aid for a pupil during PE. A child I used to work with had Dyspraxia, therefore struggled using certain PE equipment. Once I adapted the resources she could take full part in the lesson. We use thicker pencils for children who have difficulty with fine motor skills. Our school is also equipped with ramp access to the building and a disabled toilet. 3. 2 Identify barriers to children and young people’s participation A barrier to participation is anything that can hold back a child from being involved in any experiences a school has to offer. These could possibly include: